āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
[āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, ā§¨ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ļ]
- āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
- āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
- āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° : ā§Ģ
[āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ : āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž General ExceptionsāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ ā§ā§Ŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻ¨āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž Right to private defence āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻā§ ā§¯ā§Ŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ âāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°â āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĒā§ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĄā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ / āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻšā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋā§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ ā§ā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§¯ā§Ģ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻš āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ [ā§¯ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§]āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻ¤āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ āĻ¨āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§; āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ ā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤]
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš [ā§ā§Ŧ-ā§¯ā§Ģ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻā§]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Ŧ : āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ [Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions] : āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ âāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻšâ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ [Throughout this Code every definition of an offence, every penal provision and every illustration of every such definition or penal provision, shall be understood subject to the exceptions contained in the chapter entitled âGeneral Exceptions,â though those exceptions are not repeated in such definition, penal provision or illustration.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]
(āĻ) āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤Â [(a) The sections in this Code, which contain definitions of offences, do not express that a child under seven years of age cannot commit such offences; but the definitions are to be understood subject to the general exception which provides that nothing shall be an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age.]
(āĻ) āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§ā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§ā§, āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [(b) A, a police officer, without warrant, apprehends Z who has committed murder. Here A is not guilty of the offence of wrongful confinement; for he was bound by law to apprehend Z, and therefore the case falls within the general exception which provides that ânothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do itâ.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§Ŧ : āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law] : āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤, āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻšāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]:
āĻ) āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ âāĻâ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [(a) A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ) āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ā§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž âāĻâ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ âāĻŽâ āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° âāĻâ āĻā§ âāĻŽâ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ [(b) A, an officer of a Court of Justice, being ordered by that Court to arrest Y, and, after due enquiry, believing Z to be Y, arrests Z. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§ : āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act of judge when acting judicially] : āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence which is done by a Judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in good faith he believes to be, given to him by law.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§Ž : āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court] : āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ā§ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ, āĻ āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ [Nothing which is done in pursuance of, or which is warranted by the judgment or order of, a Court of Justice, if done whilst such judgment or order remains in force, is an offence, notwithstanding the Court may have had no jurisdiction to pass such judgment or order, provided the person doing the act in good faith believes that the Court had such jurisdiction.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§¯ : āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law]: āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is justified by law, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith, believes himself to be justified by law, in doing it.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : âāĻâ, âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖā§ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§, âāĻâ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ [Illustration : A sees Z commit what appears to A to be a murder. A, in the exercise, to the best of his judgment, exerted in good faith of the power which the law gives to all persons of apprehending murderers in the act, seizes Z, in order to bring Z before the proper authorities. A has committed no offence, though it may turn out that Z was acting in self-defence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ļ : āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž [Accident in doing a lawful act] : āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfortune, and without any criminal intention or knowledge in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and with proper care and caution.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻā§, āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Illustration : A is at work with a hatchet; the head flies off and kills a man who is standing by. Here if there was no want of proper caution on the part of A, his act is excusable and not an offence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§§ : āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤[Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent and to prevent other harm] : āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm, if it be done without any criminal intention to cause harm, and in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property.]
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž : āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§; āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤Â [Explanation.-It is a question of fact in such a case whether the harm to be prevented or avoided was of such a nature and so imminent as to justify or excuse the risk of doing the act with the knowledge that it was likely to cause harm.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]:
āĻ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ âāĻâ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻļāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻšā§āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ âāĻâ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ âāĻâ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ âāĻâ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĄā§āĻŦāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ [(a) A, the captain of a steam vessel, suddenly and without any fault or negligence on his part, finds himself in such a position that, before he can stop his vessel, he must inevitably run down a boat B, with twenty or thirty passengers on board, unless he changes the course of his vessel, and that, by changing his course, he must incur risk of running down a boat C with only two passengers on board, which he may possibly clear. Here, if A alters his course without any intention to run down the boat C and in good faith for the purpose of avoiding the danger to the passengers in the boat B, he is not guilty of an offence, though he may run down the boat C by doing an act which he knew was likely to cause that effect, if it be found as a matter of fact that the danger which he intended to avoid was such as to excuse him in incurring the risk of running down C.]
āĻ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄÂ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [(b) A, is in a great fire, pulls down houses in order to prevent the conflagration from spreading. He does this with intention in good faith of saving human life or property. Here if it be found that the harm to be prevented was of such a nature and so imminent as to excuse Aâs act, A is not guilty of the offence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§¨ : āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act of a child under nine years of age] : āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤[Nothing is an offence which is done by a child under nine years of age.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Š : āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act of a child above nine and under twelve of immature understanding] : āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤Â [Nothing is an offence which is done by a child above nine years of age and under twelve, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ē : āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act of a person of unsound mind] : āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° [unsoundness of mind] āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤[Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ģ : āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will] : āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ [by reason of intoxication] āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ / āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, is, by reason of intoxication, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong, or contrary to law: provided that the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ŧ : āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§, āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ [Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated] : āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤; āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ [In cases where an act done is not an offence unless done with a particular knowledge or intent, a person who does the act in a state of intoxication shall be liable to be dealt with as if he had the same knowledge as he would have had if he had not been intoxicated, unless the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§ : āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋā§āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent] : āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Nothing which is not intended to cause death, or grievous hurt, and which is not known by the doer to be likely to cause death, or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person, above eighteen years of age, who has given consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm; or by reason of any harm which it may be known by the doer to be likely to cause to any such person who has consented to take the risk of that harm.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : âāĻâ āĻ âāĻâ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ âāĻâ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ [Illustration : A and Z agree to fence with each other for amusement. This agreement implies the consent of each to suffer any harm which in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play; and if A, while playing fairly, hurts Z, A commits no offence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ž : āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ [Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for personâs benefit] : āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ, āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Nothing, which is not intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and who has given a consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm, or to take the risk of that harm.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ [Illustration : A, a surgeon, knowing that a particular operation is likely to cause the death of Z, who suffers under the painful complaint, but not intending to cause Zâs death, and intending, in good faith Zâs benefit, performs that operation on Z, with Zâs consent. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§¯ : āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian] : āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, [Nothing which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person under twelve years of age, or of unsound mind, by or by consent, either express or implied, of the guardian or other person having lawful charge of that person, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause or be known by the doer to be likely to cause to that person: Provided-]
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Firstly.-That this exception shall not extend to the intentional causing of death, or to the attempting to cause death;]
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ā§āĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Secondly.-That this exception shall not extend to the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt; or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity;]
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ā§āĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ [Thirdly.-That this exception shall not extent to the voluntary causing of grievous hurt, or to the attempting to cause grievous hurt, unless it be for the purpose of preventing death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity;]
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Fourthly.-That this exception shall not extend to the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : âāĻâ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ [Illustration : A, in good faith, for his childâs benefit without his childâs consent, has his child cut for the stone by a surgeon, knowing it to be likely that the operation will cause the childâs death, but not intending to cause the childâs death. A is within the exception, inasmuch as his object was the cure of the child.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Ļ : āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ [Consent known to be given under fear or misconception] : āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§; āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž [A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any section of this Code, if the consent is given by a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception of fact, and if the person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was given in consequence of such fear or misconception; or]
āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ[Consent of insane person] : āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšā§āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ; āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž [If the consent is given by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is unable to understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or]
āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ [Consent of insane person] : āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [If the consent is given by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is unable to understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§§ : āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ [Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused] : āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ ā§Žā§, ā§Žā§Ž āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§Žā§¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [The exceptions in sections 87, 88 and 89 do not extend to acts which are offences independently of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be likely to cause, to the person giving the consent, or on whose behalf the consent is given.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ (āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤) āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ, âāĻāĻāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻâ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Illustration : Causing miscarriage (unless caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of woman) is an offence independently of any harm which it may cause or be intended to cause to the woman. Therefore, it is not an offence âby reason of such harmâ; and the consent of the woman or of her guardian to the causing of such miscarriage does not justify the act.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§¨ : āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻļāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent] : āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, [Nothing is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to a person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, even without that personâs consent, if the circumstances are such that it is impossible for that person to signify consent, or if that person is incapable of giving consent, and has no guardian or other person in lawful charge of him from whom it is possible to obtain consent in time for the thing to be done with benefit : Provided-]
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Firstly.-That this exception shall not extend to the intentional causing of death, or the attempting to cause death;]
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ā§āĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ§āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [Secondly.-That this exception shall not extend to the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity;]
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ā§āĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤Â [Thirdly.-That this exception shall not extend to the voluntary causing of hurt, or to the attempting to cause hurt, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or hurt;]
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤: āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Fourthly.-That this exception shall not extend to the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]:
āĻ) âāĻâ āĻ¤āĻĻā§ā§ āĻā§ā§āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻļā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ âāĻâ, âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨ā§, āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [(a) Z is thrown from his horse, and is insensible. A, a surgeon, finds that Z requires to be trepanned. A not intending Zâs death but in good faith for Zâs benefit, performs the trepan before Z recovers his power of judging for himself. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ) āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨ā§, āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ âāĻâ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§ā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [(b) Z is carried off by a tiger. A fires at the tiger knowing it to be likely that the shot may kill Z, but not intending to kill Z, and in good faith intending Zâs benefit. Aâs ball gives Z a mortal wound. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ) āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻ¸āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ [(c) A, a surgeon, sees a child suffer an accident which is likely to prove fatal unless an operation be immediately performed. There is no time to apply to the childâs guardian. A performs the operation inspite of the entreaties of the child, intending, in good faith, the childâs benefit. A has committed no offence.]
āĻ) âāĻâ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ âāĻ¯â āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻšāĻā§ā§āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§, āĻ¤āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ [(d) A is in a house which is on fire, with Z, a child. People below hold out a blanket. A drops the child from the housetop, knowing it to be likely that the fall may kill the child, but not intending to kill the child, and intending, in good faith, the childâs benefit. Here even if the child is killed by the fall, A has committed no offence.]
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž : āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ ā§Žā§Ž, ā§Žā§¯ āĻ ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§, āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Explanation.-Mere pecuniary benefit is not benefit within the meaning of sections 88, 89 and 92.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Š : āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ [Communication made in good faith] : āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ [No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made, if it is made for the benefit of that person.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ : āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ âāĻâ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤Â [Illustration : A, a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knew it to be likely that the communication might cause the patientâs death.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Ē : āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act to which a person is compelled by threats] : āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻļāĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ [Except murder, and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person will otherwise be the consequence: Provided the person doing the act did not of his own accord, or from a reasonable apprehension of harm to himself short of instant death, place himself in the situation by which he became subject to such constraint.]
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž ā§§ : āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°āĻāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Explanation 1.-A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat of being beaten, joins a gang of dacoits, knowing their character, is not entitled to the benefit of this exception on the ground of his having been compelled by his associates to do anything that is an offence by law.]
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž ā§¨ : āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻšā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻšā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ [Explanation 2.-A person seized by a gang of dacoits, and forced by threat of instant death, to do a thing which is an offence by law; for example, a smith compelled to take his tools and to force the door of a house for the dacoits to enter and plunder it, is entitled to the benefit of this exception.]
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Ģ : āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ [Act causing slight harm] : āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ [Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm, is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm.]
[āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ ā§¯ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° âāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽâ āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļ – āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤]
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ : ā§Ģ
āĻ. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ? āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžā§? [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§]
āĻ. āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋ? āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ, ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻŋÂāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§ÂāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§]
āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ, āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ [ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§]
āĻ. âāĻâ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ – āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° âāĻâ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŋ? āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ē]
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ : ā§Ģ(āĻ)
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ? āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžā§?
ā§Ģ(āĻ) āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° :
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ âāĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§â āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ°Â āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨ āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§Ļā§Ŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ° ā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
ā§§. āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§: āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§Ŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž ā§ā§Ž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§¨. āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Ļ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ [Lawful act] āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Ē. āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ : ā§Žā§¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§Š āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, ā§¯ āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§§ā§¨ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, ā§Žā§Ē āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° [Unsound mind] āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž : ā§Žā§Ģ āĻ ā§Žā§Ŧ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ – āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Ŧ. āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§āĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, ā§§ā§Ž āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ°, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤
ā§. āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§āĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ : ā§Žā§Ž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§Žā§¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŦā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§, āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž ā§¯ā§¨ āĻ ā§¯ā§Š āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ ā§¯ā§Š āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
ā§Ž. āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ : āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Ē āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻšā§ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, ā§¯ā§Ģ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻšā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤
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āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
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ā§¨. āĻāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ ā§Žā§Ģā§ĒāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇāĻžāĻāĻļ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ā§, āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĨ¤
ā§Ē. āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋā§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž Lawful act āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻšāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ [āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž Lawful act] āĻā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻ¨ā§; āĻŦāĻ°āĻ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ : ā§Ģ(āĻ)
āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋ? āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ, ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻŋÂāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§ÂāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§]
āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻ, āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤ [ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§]
ā§Ģ(āĻ) āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° :
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§, āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ (āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ) āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Š āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§, āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ (harm) āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨-
ā§§. āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§¨. āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ(harm) āĻšāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§, āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ (āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ) āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§¯ā§Š āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤Â āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ (harm) āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ (AIR 1966 SC 1773)
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ : ā§Ģ(āĻ)
âāĻâ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ – āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ âāĻâ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ
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