āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ : āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻā§āύ [⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž]
[āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋ, ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ]
- āĻŽā§āϞ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ : ⧝
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ : ā§§ā§Ļ
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ : ā§§ā§§
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ : ⧧⧍
- āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ : ā§§ā§Š
[āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰ āύā§āĻ : ⧍⧝⧝ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āύāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰāύāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻž āĻĒā§āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āώā§, āĻŽā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϤāϰ⧠āϝāĻžā§; āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§! āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āϝāϤā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋ, āϤāϤā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ, āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠āϧāϰ⧠āϧāϰ⧠āĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŽāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžā§ [āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āύāĻžāϞ āĻā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ āĻā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§] āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āϏ āĻāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻžāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰ! āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϞā§āĻāĻ āĻ āĻāĻāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ, āϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāϏ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāϏ, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧠[āϏāĻāĻļā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻž]; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ –
âThe definitions of culpabale homicide and murder are, I think, the weakest part of the Code. They are obscure, and it is obvious to me that the subject has not been fully thought out when they were drawn. Culpable homicide is first defined, but Homicide is not defined at all, except by way of explanation to culpable homicide. Moreover, culpable homicide, the genus, and murder, the species, are defined in terms so closely resembling each other that it is difficult to distinguish them… The difficulty of these sections is that the definitions of culpable homicide and murder all but repeat each other, but not quite, or at least, not explicitly.’
āĻā§āϰā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§āĻ āĻŦāϞāĻāĻŋ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āύāϤā§āύāϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻ āύāϤā§āύ; āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻā§ā§āĻ āύā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ, āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻŦāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤ; āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻŦāϞāĻāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻā§ āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāύ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āύ! āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āϧāϰāϞ⧠āĻĒā§ā§āύ; āύāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻĻā§āύ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϞā§āĻāĻž āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϏāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāϤāϤ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĨ¤ ⧝ āĻ ā§§ā§Ļ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāύā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϞ⧠[āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻā§āϏāĻš] āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§¨ā§¯ā§¯ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ āύāĻŋāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāϰ āύāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§āĻžāĻāĨ¤ āϧāύā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āϰāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ! :)]
āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ [⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž]
āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ⧍⧝⧝ : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Culpable homicide] : āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤā§āĻŽāύ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ [Whoever causes death by doing an act with the intention of causing death, or with the intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, or with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death, commits the offence of culpable homicide.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]
(āĻ) āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻžāĻā§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§ā§Ã āĻāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āϝā§, āϤāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϤ⧠āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϤāĻž āĻāĻžāύāĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ āĻĒā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [A lays sticks and turf over a pit, with the intention of thereby causing death, or with the knowledge that death is likely to be thereby caused. Z, believing the ground to be firm, treads on it, falls in and is killed. A has committed the offence of culpable homicide.]
(āĻ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ āĻ āĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝā§, āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āϰā§ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ āϤāĻž āĻāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§ āϏ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāύāĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϰā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ āύā§āϰā§āϧ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻĻā§āώ⧠āύāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤Â [A knows Z to be behind a bush. B does not know it. A, intending to cause, or knowing it to be likely to cause Zâs death induces B to fire at the bush. B fires and kills Z. Here B may be guilty of no offence; but A has committed the offence of culpable homicide.]
(āĻ) āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϰāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻšāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāύāϤ āύāĻž āϝā§, āĻ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāϰāĻāĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āϏ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻĻā§āώ⧠āύā§, āĻā§āύāύāĻž āϏ⧠āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĻ, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§, āĻā§āĻāĻžāϤāϏāĻžāϰ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠āϏ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤ [A, by shooting at a fowl with intent to kill and steal it, kills B, who is behind a bush; A not knowing that he was there. Here, although A was doing an unlawful act, he was not guilty of culpable homicide, as he did not intend to kill B or cause death by doing an act that he knew was likely to cause death.]
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž ā§§ : āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨāϤāĻž, āϰā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāϤāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻāϤā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āϤā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ [A person who causes bodily injury to another who is labouring under a disorder, disease or bodily infirmity, and thereby accelerates the death of that other, shall be deemed to have caused his death.]
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž ⧍ : āϝāĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§, āϤāĻāύ āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻžā§, āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϝāĻĨā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻ āϏā§āύāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϏ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤāĨ¤ [Where death is caused by bodily injury, the person who causes such bodily injury shall be deemed to have caused the death, although by resorting to proper remedies and skilful treatment the death might have been prevented.]
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž ā§Š : āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ (āĻĻā§āĻšā§āϰ) āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āĻāĻļ āύāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāĻž āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ [The causing of the death of a child in the motherâs womb is not homicide. But it may amount to culpable homicide to cause the death of a living child, if any part of that child has been brought forth, though the child may not have breathed or been completely born.]
āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ : āĻā§āύ [Murder] : āϏ⧠āϏāĻāϞ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āϏāĻāϞ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ [Except in the cases hereinafter excepted, culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death], āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āϤ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϞ, āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āĨ¤ [Except in the cases hereinafter excepted, culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death], āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
āϤā§āϤā§ā§āϤ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻšā§ [If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death], āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
āĻāϤā§āϰā§āĻĨāϤ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻāϰ⧠āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝā§, āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻāύāĻ āϝā§, āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰā§āύ āĻā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻŦā§, āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰā§āύ āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāĻāĻŦā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠[If the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death, or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid]āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]
āĻ. āĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [A shoots Z with the intention of killing him. Z dies in consequence. A commits murder.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝā§, āĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāϤā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāύāĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻšāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āϞā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āϝ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰā§āĻ āϰā§ā§āĻā§, āϤāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏ⧠āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§ā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻž, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϏ⧠āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āϏ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝā§āĻ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ [A, knowing that Z is labouring under such a disease that a blow is likely to cause his death, strikes him with the intention of causing bodily injury. Z dies in consequence of the blow. A is guilty of murder, although the blow might not have been sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause the death of a person in a sound state of health. But if A, not knowing that Z is labouring under any disease, gives him such a blow as would not in the ordinary course of nature kill a person in a sound state of health, here A, although he may intend to cause bodily injury, is not guilty of murder, if he did not intend to cause death or such bodily injury as in the ordinary course of nature would cause death.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāĻ āĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§ā§, āϝāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϏ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĻ [A intentionally gives Z a sword-cut or club-wound sufficient to cause the death of a man in the ordinary course of nature. Z dies in consequence. Here A is guilty of murder, although he may not have intended to cause Zâs death.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻž [A without any excuse fires a loaded cannon into a crowd of persons and kills one of them. A is guilty of murder, although he may not have had a premeditated design to kill any particular individual.]
āϝā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž (When culpable homicide is not murder)
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ ā§§ : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϏāĻāϝāĻŽāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϞāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ [Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, whilst deprived of the power of self-control by grave and sudden provocation, causes the death of the person who gave the provocation or cause the death of any other person by mistake or accident.]
āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻā§āϤ āĻļāϰā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āώ⧠:
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ [That the provocation is not sought or voluntarily provoked by the offender as an excuse for killing or doing harm to any person.]
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āϤ, āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŦāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ [That the provocation is not given by anything done in obedience to the law, or by a public servant in the lawful exercise of the powers of such public servant.]
āϤā§āϤā§ā§āϤ, āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ [That the provocation is not given by anything done in the lawful exercise of the right of private defence.]
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž : āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāύāĻž, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϤāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĨ¤ [Whether the provocation was grave and sudden enough to prevent the offence from amounting to murder is a question of fact.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻš [Illustrations]
āĻ. āĻ, āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻĒā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ-āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻšāϤ āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āύ, āĻā§āύāύāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻĒā§āϤā§āϰāĻāĻŋ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§ āύāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĻāϰā§āύ āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤Â [A, under the influence of passion excited by a provocation given by Z, intentionally kills Y, Zâs child. This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was not given by the child, and the death of the child was not caused by accident or misfortune in doing an act caused by the provocation.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ, āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāϏā§āϤāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ-āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāϞā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻž āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāϏā§āϤāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĻ, āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻĻ-āύā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [Y gives grave and sudden provocation to A. A, on this provocation fires a pistol at Y, neither intending nor knowing himself to be likely to kill Z, who is near him, but out of sight. A kills Z. Here A has not committed murder, but merely culpable homicide.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻāĻāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āϰā§āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āύ, āĻā§āύāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻž āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤ [A is lawfully arrested by Z, a bailiff. A is excited to sudden and violent passion by the arrest, and kills Z. This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was given by a thing done by a public servant in the exercise of his powers.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§, āĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝāĻĻāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝā§, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦāϞā§āύ āϝā§, āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻž āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āύāĨ¤ [A appears as a witness before Z, a Magistrate. Z says that he does not believe a word of Aâs deposition, and that A has perjured himself, A is moved to sudden passion by these words, and kills Z. This is murder.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻ-āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ-āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϏ⧠(āĻ) āϤāĻžāϰ (āĻ-āĻāϰ) āύāĻžāĻ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§, āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āύ, āĻā§āύāύāĻž āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϏ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻ āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [A attempts to pull Zâs nose. Z, in exercise of the right of private defense, lays hold of A to prevent him from doing so. A is moved to sudden and violent passion in consequence, and kills Z. This is murder, inasmuch as the provocation was given by a thing done in the exercise of the right of private defense.]
āĻ. āĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻž āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻšā§āϤ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻĻā§āώā§āĨ¤ [Z strikes B. B is by this provocation excited to violent rage. A, a by stander, intending to take advantage of Bâs rage, and to cause him to kill Z, puts a knife into Bâs hand for that purpose. B kills Z with the knife. Here B may have committed only culpable homicide, but A is guilty of murder.]
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ ⧍ : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏ⧠āĻāĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰā§, āĻā§āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝāϤāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ, āϤāĻĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ [Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, in the exercise in good faith of the right of private defense of person or property, exceeds the powers given to him by law and causes the death of the person against whom he is exercising such right of defense without premeditation, and without any intention of doing more harm than is necessary for the purpose of such defense.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ : āĻ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϏ⧠āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻšā§, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻā§āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āύāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāϏā§āϤāϞ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϏā§āĻĢāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰ āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻāϤÅāϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĻ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ-āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĻ, āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [Z attempts to horsewhip A, not in such a manner as to cause grievous hurt to A. A draws out a pistol. Z persists in the assault. A believing in good faith that can by no other means prevent himself from being horsewhipped, shoots Z dead. A has not committed murder, but only culpable homicide.]
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ ā§Š : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§, āϝāĻž āϏ⧠āĻ āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āϏā§āώā§āĻ ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤[Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender, being a public servant or aiding a public servant acting for the advancement of public justice, exceeds the powers given to him by law, and causes death by doing an act which he, in good faith, believes to be lawful and necessary for the due discharge of his duty as such public servant and without ill-will towards the person whose death is caused.]
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ ā§Ē : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāώā§āĻ ā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ [Culpable homicide is not murder if it is committed without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without the offenderâs having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.]
āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž : āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāĻā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻž āĻāĻĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āύā§āĨ¤ [It is immaterial in such cases which party offers the provocation or commits the first assault.]
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ ā§Ģ : āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§, āϏ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϏāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āϧā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϏā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āϏā§āĻŦā§ā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤[Culpable homicide is not murder when the person whose death is caused, being above the age of eighteen years, suffers death or takes the risk of death with his own consent.]
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ : āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§āĻž, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§, āĻ-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϏ āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϏāϰ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϏā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻšā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§; āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āϏāĻāĻāĻāύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ [A, by instigation, voluntarily causes Z, a person under eighteen years of age, to commit suicide. Here, on account of Zâs youth, he was incapable of giving consent to his own death; A has therefore abetted murder.]
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ⧝
āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§? āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋ? āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύāĨ¤ [āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ⧝]
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§Ļ
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ [āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž, āĻĄāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ]
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§§
āĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰ āĻā§āĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϞāĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āύāĻž āϝā§, âāĻâ āĻā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻžā§ āĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ⧧⧍
āĻ. āĻā§āύ āĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āύ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§? [ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š]
āĻ. âāĻâ âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§āĻ āϤāϞāĻĒā§āĻā§ āύāĻžāĻĨāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϤāĻžā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ- āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§? āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻšāĻŦā§? [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š]
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§Š
âāĻâ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠âāĻâ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āώ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϝā§, âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ âāĻâ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž âāĻâ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§? [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ē]Â
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ⧝
āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§? āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋ? āϏāĻāĻļā§āϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύāĨ¤ [āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ⧝]
⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž Culpable homicide ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻā§ā§āĻ āϰāĻāĻŽā§āϰ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž (homicide) āĻāϰ āĻ
āϏā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĻ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ (Culpable) āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž Culpable homicide āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϝ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž Non-Culpable homicide āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§āύāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āϰā§āĻĨ āĻ āϧā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻāϤāĻžāϧā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻā§āϞā§āϤ⧠āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻā§, āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž Non-Culpable homicideāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§ āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āĻĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĨ¤
ā§§. āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Non-Culpable homicide] :
āĻ. āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Justifiable homicide]
āĻ. āĻŽāĻžāĻĢāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Excusable homicide]
⧍. āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž[Culpable homicide] :
āĻ. āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠[ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž]
āĻ. āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ [ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž]
āĻ. āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [ā§Šā§Ļā§§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž]
āĻ. āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [ā§Šā§Ļā§ĒāĻ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§ĒāĻ]
āĻ. āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻ āĻĒāϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [ā§Šā§Ļā§Ģ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ŧ]
āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻžā§ āύāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻāύ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāύ āĻā§āϰāύā§āĻĨ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āϞā§āĻāĻ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻŽāϏā§āϰ āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽāϤ⧠⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰā§āĻĒ –
ā§§. āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§
⧍. āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž
ā§Š. āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž; āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
ā§Ē. āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§; āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž
ā§Ģ. āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āϰā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻž :
ā§§. āϰā§āĻāĻā§āϰāϏā§āĻĨ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻšā§āύ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻā§ āϤā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
⧍. āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāĻŽ āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāϰā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝÂ
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϞ⧠āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻāϞ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž, āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻĒāĻā§āώā§, āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž Culpable homicide āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻž murderāĨ¤ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰā§āĻĒ –
ā§§. āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžÂ [Culpable homicide amounting to murder] āĻÂ
⧍. āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Culpable homicide not amounting to murder]
āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻžāϤ āϰā§āĻ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ (ā§§ā§Žā§ā§Ŧ) āĻāĻ.āĻāϞ.āĻāϰ ā§§, āĻŦā§āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ ā§Šā§Ē⧍ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝāϏāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠–
ā§§. āϏāĻāϞ āĻā§āύ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻāϞ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻā§āύ āύ⧠: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻžāϞ āϞ āĻāĻžāϰā§āύāĻžāϞ, ⧧⧝ā§ā§¨ āĻāϰ [āĻāĻāĻāĻāϰ (āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŋā§āĻž) āĻāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ] āĻāĻžāϰā§āύāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āϝā§, ââEvery murder is culpable homicide, but not vice versa.ââ
⧍. āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ : āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§āĻšā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āύā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻŽā§āϰ⧠āĻĢā§āϞāĻž āĻšā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āϤāĻž : āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāĻā§ (Likely to cause death) āϤāĻŦā§, āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύā§, āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ (Sufficient to Cause death) āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
ā§Ē. āĻā§āύā§-āĻļā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰāĻž : āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύāϤ āύāĻž āϝā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§Â āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύāϤ āϝā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ : āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āύāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Ŧ. āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŦāĻļāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ [Provocation] āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ : āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§. āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ : āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āύāĻž, āϏā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϝāϤāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
ā§Ž. āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ [without ill-will] āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
⧝. āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ-āĻ āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ : āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ [Undue advantage] āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ : āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞā§; āϝā§āĻŽāύ, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϏ āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§§ā§§. āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ : āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Šā§Ļā§Ē āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Šā§Ļ⧍ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĨ¤āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āώ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ : āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ [Culpabale homicide amounting to murder] āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϞāĻžāĻ āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ [Culpabale homicide not amounting to murder] āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϤā§āϰāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āϝā§, āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž
ā§§. āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ ā§Šā§Ŧā§ŦāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§; āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ ā§ā§Ŧā§ŠāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠⧧⧧⧍⧝āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āĻŦā§! āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāϤ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻāĻļāϏāĻš āĻšā§āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāϏ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻāϤā§āĻ āĻšā§ – āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āύ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ ā§Šā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžā§ ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
⧍. ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāώā§āĻ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āύ, āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻĄā§āύā§āϏ āĻĄā§āĻā§āϞāĻĒ āĻāϰāϤ⧠⧧ā§Ļ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻĒā§ā§ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āύā§āĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻ āĻŦāĻāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻĢāϞ āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻž! āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻŋāώā§āϧ āĻāĻā§! đ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§Ļ
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ [āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž, āĻĄāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍ + āĻŦāĻžāϰ : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ]
ā§§ā§Ļ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
[āĻāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāϤāύ ⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻā§, āϏā§āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϰāϞāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§āύ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻāĨ¤]
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž
ā§§. āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ : āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϏāĻŋāϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžā§ āĻāϏāĻž āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻā§āĻļāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋ ⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāϞ⧠āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝāĻž, ⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ ā§§ā§Ļ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§ā§ ⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžā§ āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāϤ, ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāϏāϞ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āϝā§, āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠– āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āύ?!
āĻā§āύāύāĻž, ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāύāύāĻžāĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽ âāύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžâ āĻŦāĻž Culpabale Homicide āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āϝā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ [Culpabale homicide amounting to murder] āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, âāĻā§āύâ āĻŦāĻž murder āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ âāĻā§āύâ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ ā§ĢāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž [Culpabale homicide not amounting to murder]- āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĢāϞā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ [Culpabale homicide amounting to murder] āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž [Culpabale homicide not amounting to murder]- āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϏāϞ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§; āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ⧠⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻ âāύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžâ āĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžÂ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāύ āĻ āύā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž – āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ [Non-Culpabale Homicide] āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ! āĻāĻŽāύāĻāĻŋ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻŦā§āύ āϝā§, ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ âāĻā§āύâ āϤāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§!
āĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§, ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāϏāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϏāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āϏāĻŦ āĻŦāĻā§ā§ āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§, ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰ⧠āĻā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāϧā§āϤ āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϧā§āϤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠– āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠… – āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§!
⧍. āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏā§āĻĒā§āϏāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰāĻŖā§ā§ āĻā§? : āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϏāĻŋāϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāϞ⧠āĻāϰāĻŖā§ā§ āĻšāϞ⧠–
āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ⧠[āĻāĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ ā§§ āύāĻ āĻĒā§ā§āύā§āĻā§āϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āύ] āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāύāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āĻŽā§āϞāϤ ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠– āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝāĨ¤
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āϤ, āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļ⧠⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āĻ āĻāϞāĻŦā§āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§ā§ ⧝ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§, āĻĒā§ā§ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§§
āĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠âāĻâ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰ āĻā§āĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāϞāĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āύāĻž āϝā§, âāĻâ āĻā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻžā§ āĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
ā§§ā§§ āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
âāĻâ āĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠âāĻâ āĻšāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻžāĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϞā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻžāĻāĻĒā§āϰ āĻā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āĻ āύāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāϤā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻ āύā§āĨ¤
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĢā§āĻāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻ āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻšāϞ⧠–
āĻ. Actus rea  : āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ [āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ā§Šā§Š āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāĻ [Omission] āĻāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§]āĨ¤
āĻ. Mens rea (Guilty mind or criminal intent ) : āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āĻāύ⧠āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŽāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ. āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻāύ āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āϤāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āϏāĻāĻāĻāύā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§, âāĻâ āĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻŽāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§ā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻŽāύ [Guilty mind] āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž âāĻâ āĻāϰāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāϰāύā§āϤā§, āĻ āĻāĻžāύāϤā§āĻ āύāĻž āϝā§, āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻā§āĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻšā§āϤā§, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ-āĻā§ āĻĻā§āώ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻā§āώā§, āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāĻā§āύāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž
ā§§. āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϏāĻž āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻā§ā§ āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĨ¤ āĻ
āĻĨāĻ, ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ āύāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ [āĻšāĻžāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϰāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§] āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
⧍. āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻāύā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻžā§ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§ āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§āĻ, ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž ⧍⧝⧝ āĻ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āϰā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠⧍ā§Ļā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŽ āĻĢāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āϞā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāϏāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ⧧⧍
āĻ. āĻā§āύ āĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āύ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§? [ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š]
āĻ. âāĻâ âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āϤāϞāĻĒā§āĻā§ āϞāĻžāĻĨāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϤāĻžā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ- āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§? āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻšāĻŦā§? [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. :⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Š]
⧧⧍(āĻ) āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāώā§āϝā§, āĻā§āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāϰāĻāĻŽā§āϰ āĻšā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤāĨ¤
ā§§. āĻŦā§āϧ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž (Non-culpable homicide), āĻāĻŦāĻ
⧍. āĻ āĻŦā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ (Culpable homicide)āĨ¤
āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ⧍⧝⧝ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻāύ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§āĨ¤
āĻŽā§āϞāϤ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϝā§, ā§ĒāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻā§-
ā§§. āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ : āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ā§āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
⧍. āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ : āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāϤāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ, āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ : āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϧāϰāύāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
ā§Ē. āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ : āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻāĻāύāĻ āĻšā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻž āĻ
āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āϝāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ ā§ĒāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻāĻŽāύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ [Culpable homicide amounting to murder] āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§, āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻā§āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ ā§ĒāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻā§āύ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāϧā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻļāĻŋāϰā§āύāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāύ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĨ¤
āĻ. āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŦāĻļāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ [Provocation] āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ : āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞā§Â āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ. āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž : āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āύāĻž, āϏā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϝāϤāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ [without premeditation] āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞā§, āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
āĻ. āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž : āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāϰāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ [without ill-will] āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ. āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž : āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ [Undue advantage] āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻ. āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ : āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϏ⧠āĻā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāϞā§; āϝā§āĻŽāύ, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϤāĻāύ āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϏ āĻāĻ āĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
⧧⧍(āĻ) āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
âāĻâ âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ āϤāϞāĻĒā§āĻā§ āϞāĻžāĻĨāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠[Culpable homicide not amounting murder]- āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āϧāĻžāϰāĻž ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻā§ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠[Culpable homicide not amounting murder] āύ⧠āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāώā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞā§, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻāϤā§āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻļā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āϤāĻž āĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻžā§, âāĻâ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āĻāĻā§āϤ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāϤā§āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž [Culpable homicide not amounting murder]āĨ¤
āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ē āϧāĻžāϰāĻžā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻāϰā§āϰ āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻĻā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāύā§ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž
ā§§. āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ⧠ā§Ģā§Žā§ŽāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ⧠⧧ā§ā§ŠāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢā§āĻā§āĻ; ā§§ā§Ģ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĨ¤
⧍. āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻŋā§āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϏāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋāϰ āϧāϰāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϏāĻŋāϞā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžā§ āĻāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϞāĻŋāĻāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āύāĻ : ā§§ā§Š
âāĻâ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠âāĻâ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āώ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻŦāϞ⧠āϝā§, âāĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ âāĻâ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž âāĻâ āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻāϤā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ âāĻâ āĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ âāĻâ āĻā§ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ āĻāϰā§āĻā§? [āĻā§āĻĄāĻŋ. : ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ē]
ā§§ā§Š āύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ[Murder], āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠[Culpable homicide not amounting to murder] āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ ā§§ āύāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāϞāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ [Murder] āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻā§āϤ ā§§ āύāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ⧠āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ ā§§ āύāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ [Provocation] āĻĢāϞ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āϞā§Â āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϞāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻ āύā§āϝ āϝā§āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻžā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§ā§ āύāϰāĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāύāĻž āĻā§āύ āύ⧠[Culpable homicide not amounting to murder] āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, āĻāĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻļāϰā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻļāϰā§āϤāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻļāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻā§ āϝā§, āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϤ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāύāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ [provoked] āĻšāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āύā§āĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§, āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϰā§āĻāύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤ āϤā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āύā§āĻ āϝā§, āĻāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ [Murder] āύā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϤā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϤ ā§§ āύāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰāĻ āĻ āύāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāύāĻžā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ[Murder]āĨ¤
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